The Impact of Covid-19 on the Mental Health and the role of Social Support in Pakistan
Keywords:
Covid-19, Mental Health, Pakistan, Social Support
Abstract
The year 2020’s recent circumstances have been on high alert and have transformed into a “Fight or Flight” situation. Since the coronavirus (Covid-19) was reported in December 2019, conditions have not yet been controlled and causing tremendous destruction worldwide. The current study aimed to explore the impact of Covid-19 on the mental health of the citizens of Pakistan and the role of social support in this regard. The purpose of this standpoint was to encourage investigations into Covid-19's mental health impacts from an individual needs perspective that recognizes the fundamental danger the virus presents to human well-being, and also how significant social support is in this context. Data was collected from all around Pakistan through electronic means within the age range <20 to 60+. Measurement scales utilized in this study were Impact of Event Scale-Reverse (IES-R) was used to measure the impact of (Covid-19) on the mental health and Short-version of Social Provisions Scale (SPS) was used to measure the social support in this regards on the citizens of Pakistan. Results indicate strong significance between Covid-19 and mental health as well as identifies that effective social support reduces the impact of Covid-19 on mental health. It's indeed evident that the latest incidence of Covid-19 had an enormous impact on mental health and further shows that impact on mental wellbeing can be minimized if adequate support is provided to individuals to sustain stable life
References
Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Willer, R., et al. (2020). Using social and behavioral science support Covid-19pandemic response. Nature Human Behavior [online]. 4, pages460–471. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-020-0884-z.
Benson, R. B., Cobbold, B., Boamah, E. O., Akuoko., C. P., & Boateng, D. (2020). Challenges, coping strategies and social support among breast cancer patient in Ghana. Hindawai: Advance in Public Health. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4817932.
Black, K. J., Britt, T. W., Zinzow, H. M., Pury, C. L. S., & Cheung, J. H. (2019). The role of social support in treatment seeking among soldiers. Occupational Health Science: Springer Link [online]. 3, pages337–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41542-019-00044-2.
De Grey. R. G. K., Uchino, B. N., Trettevik, R., Cronan, S., & Hogan, J. (2018). Social Support. Oxford Bibliography [online]. DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199828340-0204.
Dubey, S., Biswas, P., Ghosh, R., et al. (2020). Psychological impact of Covid-19. Elsevier Public Health Emergency Collection [online]. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035.
Hagerty, S. I., & William, L. M. (2020). The impacts of covid-19 on mental health: The interactive role of brain biotypes and human connection. Elsevier [online]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100078.
Haider, I. I., Tiwana, F., & Tahir, S. M. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on adult mental health. Pakistan Journal of Medical Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2756 .
Harandi, T. F., Taghinasab, M. M., & Nayeri, T. D. (2017). The correlation of social support and mental health: A meta-analysis. Electronic Physician. 9(9): 5212–5222. DOI: 10.19082/5212.
Hauken, A. (2020). Importance of social support during the coronavirus outbreak. University of Bergin: Center of Crisis Psychology [online]. https://www.uib.no/en/ccp/134845/importance-social-support-during-coronavirus-outbreak.
Huo, T., Zhang, T., Cai, W., et al. (2020). Social support and mental health among health care workers during coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: a moderating mediation model. PLOS ONE [online]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233831.
Jaffar, A., Aqeel, M., J, A., & Bano, S. The moderating role of social support for marital adjustment, depression, anxiety, and stress: evidence from Pakistani working and nonworking woman. Journal of Affective Disorder. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.071.
Javed, A., Khan, M. N. S., Nasar, A., & Rashee, A. (2020). Mental health care in Pakistan. Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry. V34(1). DOI: 10.4103/TPSY.TPSY_8_20.
Kamenov K, Cabello M, Caballero FF, Cieza A, Sabariego C, Raggi A, et al. (2016) Factors Related to Social Support in Neurological and Mental Disorders. PLoS ONE 11(2): e0149356. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149356.
Lipstich, M., Swerdlow, D. L., & Finellie. L. (2020). Defining the epidemiology of covid-19 – studies needed. The New England Journal of Medicine. 382:1194-1196. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2002125.
Orpana, H. M., & Lang, M. (2019). Validations of a brief version of the social provisions scale using Canadian national survey. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research Gate [online]. Vol 39(12). DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.39.12.02
Panchal, N., Kamal, R., Orgera, K., et al. (2020). Implications of covid-19 for mental health and substance use. KFF [online]. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-substance-use/.
Primary Health Care (PHC). (2017). The importance of social support. Primary Health Care: The Project [online]. https://phctheproject.org/the-importance-of-social-support/.
Russell, D., & Cutrona, C. E. (1984, August). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA. Research Gate [online]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271507385.
Russell, D., & Cutrona, C. E. (1987). The Social provisions scale: A multidimensional measure of perceived social support. Manuscript in preparation.
Sandesh, R., Shahid, W., Dev, K., et al. (2020) Impact of covid-19 on the mental health of healthcare professionals in Pakistan. Cureus [online]. 12(7): e8974. DOI:10.7759/cureus.8974.
Sun, J., Sun, R., Jiang, Y., Chen, X., et al. (2020). The relationship between psychological health and social support: Evidence from physicians in China. PLOS ONE [online]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228152.
Tagwan, G. B., & Munung, N. S. (2020). COVID-19: Africa’s relation with epidemics and some imperative ethics considerations of the moment. Research Ethics [online]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1747016120937391.
Thomas, J. M., Gutierrez, M., Pastor, A. M., & Sancho, P. (2020). Perceived social support , school adaptation and adolescents’ subjective well-being. Springer [online]. 1597–1617. DOI: 10.1007/s12187-020-09717-9.
UNICEF. (2019). Increase in child and adolescent mental disorders spurs new push for action by UNICEF and WHO. UNICEF [online]. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/increase-child-and-adolescent-mental-disorders-spurs-new-push-action-unicef-and-who.
Weiss, D.S. (2007). The impact of event scale-revised (IES-R). In: Wilson JP, Keane TM, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. 2nd ed. New York City: Guilford Press. p. 168-89. https://www.aerztenetz-grafschaft.de/download/IES-R-englisch-5-stufig.pdf.
Wang, J., Mann, F., Lloyd-Evans, B., Ma, R., & Johnson, S. (2018). Association between loneliness and percieved social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry [online]. 18:156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Mental health of older adults. World Health Organization [online]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Mental health disorder. World Health Organization [online]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Corona virus (Covid-19) events as they happen. World Health Organization [online]. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). (2020). MENTAL HEALTH AND COVID-19. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (EUROPE REGION) [ONLINE]. HTTPS://WWW.EURO.WHO.INT/EN/HEALTH-TOPICS/HEALTH-EMERGENCIES/CORONAVIRUS-COVID-19/TECHNICAL-GUIDANCE/MENTAL-HEALTH-AND-COVID-19
Benson, R. B., Cobbold, B., Boamah, E. O., Akuoko., C. P., & Boateng, D. (2020). Challenges, coping strategies and social support among breast cancer patient in Ghana. Hindawai: Advance in Public Health. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4817932.
Black, K. J., Britt, T. W., Zinzow, H. M., Pury, C. L. S., & Cheung, J. H. (2019). The role of social support in treatment seeking among soldiers. Occupational Health Science: Springer Link [online]. 3, pages337–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41542-019-00044-2.
De Grey. R. G. K., Uchino, B. N., Trettevik, R., Cronan, S., & Hogan, J. (2018). Social Support. Oxford Bibliography [online]. DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199828340-0204.
Dubey, S., Biswas, P., Ghosh, R., et al. (2020). Psychological impact of Covid-19. Elsevier Public Health Emergency Collection [online]. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035.
Hagerty, S. I., & William, L. M. (2020). The impacts of covid-19 on mental health: The interactive role of brain biotypes and human connection. Elsevier [online]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100078.
Haider, I. I., Tiwana, F., & Tahir, S. M. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on adult mental health. Pakistan Journal of Medical Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2756 .
Harandi, T. F., Taghinasab, M. M., & Nayeri, T. D. (2017). The correlation of social support and mental health: A meta-analysis. Electronic Physician. 9(9): 5212–5222. DOI: 10.19082/5212.
Hauken, A. (2020). Importance of social support during the coronavirus outbreak. University of Bergin: Center of Crisis Psychology [online]. https://www.uib.no/en/ccp/134845/importance-social-support-during-coronavirus-outbreak.
Huo, T., Zhang, T., Cai, W., et al. (2020). Social support and mental health among health care workers during coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: a moderating mediation model. PLOS ONE [online]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233831.
Jaffar, A., Aqeel, M., J, A., & Bano, S. The moderating role of social support for marital adjustment, depression, anxiety, and stress: evidence from Pakistani working and nonworking woman. Journal of Affective Disorder. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.071.
Javed, A., Khan, M. N. S., Nasar, A., & Rashee, A. (2020). Mental health care in Pakistan. Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry. V34(1). DOI: 10.4103/TPSY.TPSY_8_20.
Kamenov K, Cabello M, Caballero FF, Cieza A, Sabariego C, Raggi A, et al. (2016) Factors Related to Social Support in Neurological and Mental Disorders. PLoS ONE 11(2): e0149356. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149356.
Lipstich, M., Swerdlow, D. L., & Finellie. L. (2020). Defining the epidemiology of covid-19 – studies needed. The New England Journal of Medicine. 382:1194-1196. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2002125.
Orpana, H. M., & Lang, M. (2019). Validations of a brief version of the social provisions scale using Canadian national survey. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research Gate [online]. Vol 39(12). DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.39.12.02
Panchal, N., Kamal, R., Orgera, K., et al. (2020). Implications of covid-19 for mental health and substance use. KFF [online]. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-substance-use/.
Primary Health Care (PHC). (2017). The importance of social support. Primary Health Care: The Project [online]. https://phctheproject.org/the-importance-of-social-support/.
Russell, D., & Cutrona, C. E. (1984, August). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA. Research Gate [online]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271507385.
Russell, D., & Cutrona, C. E. (1987). The Social provisions scale: A multidimensional measure of perceived social support. Manuscript in preparation.
Sandesh, R., Shahid, W., Dev, K., et al. (2020) Impact of covid-19 on the mental health of healthcare professionals in Pakistan. Cureus [online]. 12(7): e8974. DOI:10.7759/cureus.8974.
Sun, J., Sun, R., Jiang, Y., Chen, X., et al. (2020). The relationship between psychological health and social support: Evidence from physicians in China. PLOS ONE [online]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228152.
Tagwan, G. B., & Munung, N. S. (2020). COVID-19: Africa’s relation with epidemics and some imperative ethics considerations of the moment. Research Ethics [online]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1747016120937391.
Thomas, J. M., Gutierrez, M., Pastor, A. M., & Sancho, P. (2020). Perceived social support , school adaptation and adolescents’ subjective well-being. Springer [online]. 1597–1617. DOI: 10.1007/s12187-020-09717-9.
UNICEF. (2019). Increase in child and adolescent mental disorders spurs new push for action by UNICEF and WHO. UNICEF [online]. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/increase-child-and-adolescent-mental-disorders-spurs-new-push-action-unicef-and-who.
Weiss, D.S. (2007). The impact of event scale-revised (IES-R). In: Wilson JP, Keane TM, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. 2nd ed. New York City: Guilford Press. p. 168-89. https://www.aerztenetz-grafschaft.de/download/IES-R-englisch-5-stufig.pdf.
Wang, J., Mann, F., Lloyd-Evans, B., Ma, R., & Johnson, S. (2018). Association between loneliness and percieved social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry [online]. 18:156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Mental health of older adults. World Health Organization [online]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Mental health disorder. World Health Organization [online]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Corona virus (Covid-19) events as they happen. World Health Organization [online]. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). (2020). MENTAL HEALTH AND COVID-19. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (EUROPE REGION) [ONLINE]. HTTPS://WWW.EURO.WHO.INT/EN/HEALTH-TOPICS/HEALTH-EMERGENCIES/CORONAVIRUS-COVID-19/TECHNICAL-GUIDANCE/MENTAL-HEALTH-AND-COVID-19
Published
2020-10-04
How to Cite
Ansari, A. A. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on the Mental Health and the role of Social Support in Pakistan. Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy and Culture, 1(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.47494/cajlpc.v1i1.47
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2020 Asra. A. Ansari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
