Political diplomacy of the People's Republic of China towards Indonesia (1949-1954)
Keywords:
geostrategic location, international and regional tensions, civil war.
Abstract
Indonesia occupies a distinguished position due to the importance of its geostrategic location for China, Indonesia is located opposite China and is not separated from China by the South China Sea, and it is obvious that China is working to extend its political arms in Indonesia, so Chinese policy towards Indonesia during the years (1949-1954) was characterized by caution Moreover, this policy was subject to international and regional tensions.
The choice of the topic (Chinese-Indonesian diplomatic rapprochement 1949-1954) lies in the fact that the two countries were going through a transitional phase, as China was emerging from a civil war that lasted for two decades, while Indonesia was not in a better condition than it, as it also suffered from the Japanese occupation and the Dutch occupation As well as the restrictions and international agreements that shackled it during independence.
Through these premises, the importance of studying (Chinese-Indonesian diplomatic rapprochement 1949-1954) appears, as this study will reflect to us the nature of Chinese diplomatic behavior towards Indonesia, accompanied by the great international competition over Indonesia between the United States of America and the Soviet Union.
References
1. ) ) Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, op. cit.
2. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, op. cit. , p. 94.
3. Alastair M.Tylor,Inodonesia Independence and the United Nations , London, 1960. P.18-23
4. William Carr, A History of Inodonesia1815-19, London, 1974, PP.40 -41.
5. Ministry of Information, Report on Indonesia (Djakarta, Feb. 10, 1950), p. 1.
6. Benedict R.O G.Anderson, Java in A Time of Revolution, Occupation and Resistanc, 1944-1946,London, 1972, P. 61
7. D. G.E. Hall, A History of South East Asia, London, 1958, P.718
8. J. R. E. Waddell, An Introduction to South East Asia Politics, Australsia, 1972, P.199.
9. Donald Wilhelm, Emerging Indonesia, 1st ed., New York, 1980,P 29.
10. J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.199.
11. Facts on File, Indonesia the Sukarno Years,Edited by Hal Kosut, New York, 1967, P.9.
12. Alastair M.Tylor, Op.Cit., P 38.
13. Leslie H.Palmer, Indonesi and the Dutch, London , 1962, P.47.
14. Arend Lijphart, The Indonesian Image of West Irian, Asian Survey, Vol.I, No.5, London, July 1961, P.9.
15. Howard Palfrey Jones, Indonesia the Possible Dream, New York , 1980, P.90
16. Alastair M.Tylor, Op.Cit.,. P.53; Facts on File, Op.Cit. , P.11.
17. Howard Palfrey Jones, Op.Cit., P.101-107.
18. Benjamin and Jean Higgins, Indonesia Anaw or Never, Foreign Affairs, Vol.37, No.1. New York, October 1958, P.157.
19. Leslie H.Palmer, Op.Cit.,P.47; D. G.E. Hall, Op.Cit., P.725
20. Round Table Conference: The (Dutch-Indonesian) Round Table Conference was held on the twenty-third of August to the second of November 1949, in The Hague. The conference was attended by representatives of the Federal Consultative Assembly, the Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The issue of transferring Dutch sovereignty was discussed in the conference To Indonesia, and the conference ended with the Netherlands relinquishing its sovereignty in favor of Indonesia. This conference was also preceded by three other agreements between the Netherlands and Indonesia, which are the Langadjati Agreement in 1947, the Renville Agreement in 1948, and the Rom Van Rooyen Agreement in 1949. For more see.
L.M. Penders, The West New Guinea Debacle: Dutch Decolonisation and Indonesia, 1945- 1962, Crawford House Publishing, Adelaide, 2002, p.12 .
21. Arslan Humbaraci, U. S. Probe in Indonesia, Eastern World, Vol. XIV, No.1, Londan, January 1960, P.16.
22. Eorves Pondent in Singapore, British Policy Towards Indonesea, Eastern World,The Asian Monthly ,Vol.I I I, No. 2, London, Februry, 1948, P.8
23. F. R. U. S, 1952-1954,The United States Position in the Netherlands ـIndonesia Conflict 1950-1955, Vol .III,Washington,1979, P.1151.
24. Leslie H.Palmer, Op.Cit.,P.55.
25. D. G.E. Hall, Op.Cit., P.731.
26. Muhammad Natsir (1908-1993): An Indonesian politician who was born in the city of West Sumatra. He started his primary education in the city of Bandung and then completed his secondary education there. Natsir is one of the founders of the Islamic Party (Mashumi). He held the position of Indonesian Minister of Information during the period (1947- 1949) and Prime Minister during the period (1950-1951). For more see
Carool Kersten, Islam Nationalism and Democracy:Apolitical Biograghy of Mohammad Natsir , Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , No.2,Vol.46,2015.
27. S. Takdir Alisjahbana, Indonesia; Social and Cultural Revolution, Singapore, 1966, P.147
28. Donald Wilhelm, Op.Cit.,P 29; Facts on File, Op.Cit. , P.13.
29. J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.201.
30. Justus M.Van der kroef, Indonesia′s New Palament , Eastern World , Vol. XIV, No. 9, London , Seotember 1960, . P.16 .
31. S. Takdir Alisjahbana, Op.Cit. , P.150.
32. Donald Wilhelm, Op.Cit.,P 49.
33. Francis J. Galbraith , Indonesia s Worldview and Foreign Policies , Orbis Ajournal of World Affairs, vol. XIX, No.3, (N.P. ) , 1975. P. 1103-1104 .
34. Justus M.Van der Kroef, An Indonesia Ideological Lexicon, P. 26 .
35. Francis J. Galbraith , op .cit., P. 1105-1106 .
36. D. G.E. Hall, Op.Cit., P.732.
37. Leslie H.Palmer, Op.Cit.,P.62-65.
38. D. G.E. Hall, Op.Cit., P.735
39. Leslie H.Palmer, Op.Cit.,P.71.
40. Justus M.Van der Kroef, An Indonesia Ideological Lexicon, P. 26 .
41. Sukiman: An Indonesian politician born in 1896 on the island of Java. He was one of the leaders of the labor movements in the 1920s. In addition to his political activity, he became one of the most prominent men of the "Company Islam" party, the oldest Islamic Indonesian party, and after the declaration of Indonesia's independence on the 7th On August 10, 1945, the Muslim Shura Council party was established, which is known as “Mashumi” for short. Sukiman became its president during the period 1945-1950, and he dominated the party during this period as a result of his political activity and moderation, as he was a person acceptable to most of the leaders of the affiliated Islamic parties and organizations. under the banner of Mashumi. He became Minister of the Interior in one of the first ministries of the Republic (before the Dutch recognition of Indonesia's independence in 1949). For more, see Muhammad Diaa Shehab, the previous source, p. 47.
42. Justus M.Van der kroef, Nasution,Sukarno and West New Guinea Dispute,Asian Survey, Vol. I, No. 6, London, August 1961,P.20.
43. J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.205.
44. Donald Wilhelm, Op.Cit.,P 37.
45. Justus M.Van der kroef, Nasution,Sukarno and West New Guinea Dispute, P.20.
46. Guy J.Pauker,The Role of the Military in Indonesia,Research in The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries,Edited by John J. Johnson,New Jersey,N.D.,P.202.
47. Donald Wilhelm, Op.Cit.,P 41-43.
48. Leslie H.palmer, Op. Cit., p.67; Nathanil Peffre, The Far East A Modern History, Edited by Allan Nevins and Howard M. Ehrmann, New York, 1958, P. 438.
49. A.y. Drugo, Indonesia, Research in Southeastasia, History, Economy Policy, Translated by David Fidlon, Moscow, 1972, P.227.
50. J. D. Legge, Op. Cit., P. 229; Max Beloff, Soviet Policy in the Far East, 1944-1951, London, 1953,P. 217.
51. Leslie H.Palmer, Op.Cit.,P.66-71.
52. D. G.E. Hall, Op.Cit., P.735.
53. Arnold C.Brackman, Indonesian Communism A History, New york, 1963, P.82
54. Den Adit (1923-1965): Politician and leader in the Indonesian Communist Party. He was born in Sumatra, where he completed his primary education. After that, he traveled to Jakarta to complete his secondary studies. He also had a role in founding the Pemoda organization that resisted the Japanese occupation. In 1948, Adit fled to Vietnam after the Madiun rebellion, which was led by the Indonesian Communist Party, and then moved to China. In 1948, he returned to Indonesia to be a member of the party's political bureau, then became president of the Indonesian Communist Party in 1951. For expansion, see:
Robert A. Gorman and others, Biographical Dictionary of Marxism, Greenwood Press, Connecticut, 1986, p.20.
55. (Tempie Wanamaker, American Foreign Policy Today, London, (N.P.), p.179.
56. ( D.G.E. Hall, Op.Cit., p.741.
57. Donald Wilhelm, Op.Cit., P 56.
58. Guy J. Pauker, Current Communist Tactics in Indonesia, Asian Survey, Vol.I, No.3, London, May 1961, p.30.
59. Charles B. McLane, Soviet Strategies in South East Asia, An Exploration of Eastern Policy Under Lenin and Stalin, New York, 1966, PP.406-407.
60. J.R.E. Waddell, Op.Cit., p.207.
61. Guy J. Pauker, The Soviet Challenge in Indonesia, p.614.
62. Ali Sastro: An Indonesian politician born in the city of Central Java on the twenty-first of May 1903. He studied at the Faculty of Law at Leiden University in the Netherlands in 1927 and graduated from it. He also worked as a member of the Indonesian Association (Brahmbunen Indonesia) in the Netherlands. He practiced law after Returning from Europe in Jogjakarta. He participated in issuing the weekly magazine (Janmet). Appointed as Undersecretary of the Minister of Information after the independence of Indonesia. He assumed the position of Minister of Education in 1947. He was appointed Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia in Washington. In 1953 he was appointed Prime Minister. For more, see: Indonesian Affairs Magazine, No. 2, Jakarta, August 1956, pg. 25.
63. J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.209; Colin Brown, A Short History of Indonesia, Australia, 2003, p.145 .
64. S. Takdir Alisjahbana, Op.Cit. , P.154.
65. Donald Wilhelm, Op.Cit.,P 74.
66. Arnold Mononoto (1896-1983) Indonesian politician: He was born on September 5, 1896 in North Sulawesi. He was an Indonesian nationalist and politician. He studied high school in the Netherlands and served as Minister of Information in the government.
Indonesian during the period (1949-1950), and again from 1951 (1953), he became the first ambassador of Indonesia to China in 1953, as well as the third dean of Hasanuddin University. A member of the Indonesian National Party, Mononoto also participated in the struggle for the independence of Indonesia. He was posthumously awarded the honorary title of National Hero of Indonesia. For more see
Kifah Juma Wajar, Political Developments in Indonesia 1945-1967, an unpublished master's thesis, College of Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, 2004,
67. Douglas Hyde, Confrontation in the East, A Backgroundbook, London, 1965, P. 48;G. A. An reev, Indonezeyskaya Iasudarstva, Moscow, 1974, P. 192.
68. Guy J. Pauker , The Soviet Challenge in Indonesia Forgin Affairs , Vol 40 , No.4, New York , July 1962, P.612
69. Huang Jin (1909-1989) Chinese politician who served as Ambassador of the People's Republic of China to Indonesia between 1954 and 1961. Huang later served as Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China and Minister of Culture. For more see: Douglas Hyde, Op.Cit. ,P. 70-76
70. S. Takdir Alisjahbana, Op.Cit. , P.157.
2. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, op. cit. , p. 94.
3. Alastair M.Tylor,Inodonesia Independence and the United Nations , London, 1960. P.18-23
4. William Carr, A History of Inodonesia1815-19, London, 1974, PP.40 -41.
5. Ministry of Information, Report on Indonesia (Djakarta, Feb. 10, 1950), p. 1.
6. Benedict R.O G.Anderson, Java in A Time of Revolution, Occupation and Resistanc, 1944-1946,London, 1972, P. 61
7. D. G.E. Hall, A History of South East Asia, London, 1958, P.718
8. J. R. E. Waddell, An Introduction to South East Asia Politics, Australsia, 1972, P.199.
9. Donald Wilhelm, Emerging Indonesia, 1st ed., New York, 1980,P 29.
10. J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.199.
11. Facts on File, Indonesia the Sukarno Years,Edited by Hal Kosut, New York, 1967, P.9.
12. Alastair M.Tylor, Op.Cit., P 38.
13. Leslie H.Palmer, Indonesi and the Dutch, London , 1962, P.47.
14. Arend Lijphart, The Indonesian Image of West Irian, Asian Survey, Vol.I, No.5, London, July 1961, P.9.
15. Howard Palfrey Jones, Indonesia the Possible Dream, New York , 1980, P.90
16. Alastair M.Tylor, Op.Cit.,. P.53; Facts on File, Op.Cit. , P.11.
17. Howard Palfrey Jones, Op.Cit., P.101-107.
18. Benjamin and Jean Higgins, Indonesia Anaw or Never, Foreign Affairs, Vol.37, No.1. New York, October 1958, P.157.
19. Leslie H.Palmer, Op.Cit.,P.47; D. G.E. Hall, Op.Cit., P.725
20. Round Table Conference: The (Dutch-Indonesian) Round Table Conference was held on the twenty-third of August to the second of November 1949, in The Hague. The conference was attended by representatives of the Federal Consultative Assembly, the Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The issue of transferring Dutch sovereignty was discussed in the conference To Indonesia, and the conference ended with the Netherlands relinquishing its sovereignty in favor of Indonesia. This conference was also preceded by three other agreements between the Netherlands and Indonesia, which are the Langadjati Agreement in 1947, the Renville Agreement in 1948, and the Rom Van Rooyen Agreement in 1949. For more see.
L.M. Penders, The West New Guinea Debacle: Dutch Decolonisation and Indonesia, 1945- 1962, Crawford House Publishing, Adelaide, 2002, p.12 .
21. Arslan Humbaraci, U. S. Probe in Indonesia, Eastern World, Vol. XIV, No.1, Londan, January 1960, P.16.
22. Eorves Pondent in Singapore, British Policy Towards Indonesea, Eastern World,The Asian Monthly ,Vol.I I I, No. 2, London, Februry, 1948, P.8
23. F. R. U. S, 1952-1954,The United States Position in the Netherlands ـIndonesia Conflict 1950-1955, Vol .III,Washington,1979, P.1151.
24. Leslie H.Palmer, Op.Cit.,P.55.
25. D. G.E. Hall, Op.Cit., P.731.
26. Muhammad Natsir (1908-1993): An Indonesian politician who was born in the city of West Sumatra. He started his primary education in the city of Bandung and then completed his secondary education there. Natsir is one of the founders of the Islamic Party (Mashumi). He held the position of Indonesian Minister of Information during the period (1947- 1949) and Prime Minister during the period (1950-1951). For more see
Carool Kersten, Islam Nationalism and Democracy:Apolitical Biograghy of Mohammad Natsir , Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , No.2,Vol.46,2015.
27. S. Takdir Alisjahbana, Indonesia; Social and Cultural Revolution, Singapore, 1966, P.147
28. Donald Wilhelm, Op.Cit.,P 29; Facts on File, Op.Cit. , P.13.
29. J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.201.
30. Justus M.Van der kroef, Indonesia′s New Palament , Eastern World , Vol. XIV, No. 9, London , Seotember 1960, . P.16 .
31. S. Takdir Alisjahbana, Op.Cit. , P.150.
32. Donald Wilhelm, Op.Cit.,P 49.
33. Francis J. Galbraith , Indonesia s Worldview and Foreign Policies , Orbis Ajournal of World Affairs, vol. XIX, No.3, (N.P. ) , 1975. P. 1103-1104 .
34. Justus M.Van der Kroef, An Indonesia Ideological Lexicon, P. 26 .
35. Francis J. Galbraith , op .cit., P. 1105-1106 .
36. D. G.E. Hall, Op.Cit., P.732.
37. Leslie H.Palmer, Op.Cit.,P.62-65.
38. D. G.E. Hall, Op.Cit., P.735
39. Leslie H.Palmer, Op.Cit.,P.71.
40. Justus M.Van der Kroef, An Indonesia Ideological Lexicon, P. 26 .
41. Sukiman: An Indonesian politician born in 1896 on the island of Java. He was one of the leaders of the labor movements in the 1920s. In addition to his political activity, he became one of the most prominent men of the "Company Islam" party, the oldest Islamic Indonesian party, and after the declaration of Indonesia's independence on the 7th On August 10, 1945, the Muslim Shura Council party was established, which is known as “Mashumi” for short. Sukiman became its president during the period 1945-1950, and he dominated the party during this period as a result of his political activity and moderation, as he was a person acceptable to most of the leaders of the affiliated Islamic parties and organizations. under the banner of Mashumi. He became Minister of the Interior in one of the first ministries of the Republic (before the Dutch recognition of Indonesia's independence in 1949). For more, see Muhammad Diaa Shehab, the previous source, p. 47.
42. Justus M.Van der kroef, Nasution,Sukarno and West New Guinea Dispute,Asian Survey, Vol. I, No. 6, London, August 1961,P.20.
43. J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.205.
44. Donald Wilhelm, Op.Cit.,P 37.
45. Justus M.Van der kroef, Nasution,Sukarno and West New Guinea Dispute, P.20.
46. Guy J.Pauker,The Role of the Military in Indonesia,Research in The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries,Edited by John J. Johnson,New Jersey,N.D.,P.202.
47. Donald Wilhelm, Op.Cit.,P 41-43.
48. Leslie H.palmer, Op. Cit., p.67; Nathanil Peffre, The Far East A Modern History, Edited by Allan Nevins and Howard M. Ehrmann, New York, 1958, P. 438.
49. A.y. Drugo, Indonesia, Research in Southeastasia, History, Economy Policy, Translated by David Fidlon, Moscow, 1972, P.227.
50. J. D. Legge, Op. Cit., P. 229; Max Beloff, Soviet Policy in the Far East, 1944-1951, London, 1953,P. 217.
51. Leslie H.Palmer, Op.Cit.,P.66-71.
52. D. G.E. Hall, Op.Cit., P.735.
53. Arnold C.Brackman, Indonesian Communism A History, New york, 1963, P.82
54. Den Adit (1923-1965): Politician and leader in the Indonesian Communist Party. He was born in Sumatra, where he completed his primary education. After that, he traveled to Jakarta to complete his secondary studies. He also had a role in founding the Pemoda organization that resisted the Japanese occupation. In 1948, Adit fled to Vietnam after the Madiun rebellion, which was led by the Indonesian Communist Party, and then moved to China. In 1948, he returned to Indonesia to be a member of the party's political bureau, then became president of the Indonesian Communist Party in 1951. For expansion, see:
Robert A. Gorman and others, Biographical Dictionary of Marxism, Greenwood Press, Connecticut, 1986, p.20.
55. (Tempie Wanamaker, American Foreign Policy Today, London, (N.P.), p.179.
56. ( D.G.E. Hall, Op.Cit., p.741.
57. Donald Wilhelm, Op.Cit., P 56.
58. Guy J. Pauker, Current Communist Tactics in Indonesia, Asian Survey, Vol.I, No.3, London, May 1961, p.30.
59. Charles B. McLane, Soviet Strategies in South East Asia, An Exploration of Eastern Policy Under Lenin and Stalin, New York, 1966, PP.406-407.
60. J.R.E. Waddell, Op.Cit., p.207.
61. Guy J. Pauker, The Soviet Challenge in Indonesia, p.614.
62. Ali Sastro: An Indonesian politician born in the city of Central Java on the twenty-first of May 1903. He studied at the Faculty of Law at Leiden University in the Netherlands in 1927 and graduated from it. He also worked as a member of the Indonesian Association (Brahmbunen Indonesia) in the Netherlands. He practiced law after Returning from Europe in Jogjakarta. He participated in issuing the weekly magazine (Janmet). Appointed as Undersecretary of the Minister of Information after the independence of Indonesia. He assumed the position of Minister of Education in 1947. He was appointed Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia in Washington. In 1953 he was appointed Prime Minister. For more, see: Indonesian Affairs Magazine, No. 2, Jakarta, August 1956, pg. 25.
63. J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.209; Colin Brown, A Short History of Indonesia, Australia, 2003, p.145 .
64. S. Takdir Alisjahbana, Op.Cit. , P.154.
65. Donald Wilhelm, Op.Cit.,P 74.
66. Arnold Mononoto (1896-1983) Indonesian politician: He was born on September 5, 1896 in North Sulawesi. He was an Indonesian nationalist and politician. He studied high school in the Netherlands and served as Minister of Information in the government.
Indonesian during the period (1949-1950), and again from 1951 (1953), he became the first ambassador of Indonesia to China in 1953, as well as the third dean of Hasanuddin University. A member of the Indonesian National Party, Mononoto also participated in the struggle for the independence of Indonesia. He was posthumously awarded the honorary title of National Hero of Indonesia. For more see
Kifah Juma Wajar, Political Developments in Indonesia 1945-1967, an unpublished master's thesis, College of Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, 2004,
67. Douglas Hyde, Confrontation in the East, A Backgroundbook, London, 1965, P. 48;G. A. An reev, Indonezeyskaya Iasudarstva, Moscow, 1974, P. 192.
68. Guy J. Pauker , The Soviet Challenge in Indonesia Forgin Affairs , Vol 40 , No.4, New York , July 1962, P.612
69. Huang Jin (1909-1989) Chinese politician who served as Ambassador of the People's Republic of China to Indonesia between 1954 and 1961. Huang later served as Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China and Minister of Culture. For more see: Douglas Hyde, Op.Cit. ,P. 70-76
70. S. Takdir Alisjahbana, Op.Cit. , P.157.
Published
2023-05-15
How to Cite
Prof. Dr. Majid Mohi Al-Ghazai Al-Fatlawi. (2023). Political diplomacy of the People’s Republic of China towards Indonesia (1949-1954). Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy and Culture, 4(5), 158-171. Retrieved from https://cajlpc.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJLPC/article/view/852
Section
Articles
