The Intensification of the Cold War and Its Impact on the Chinese-Indonesian Policy 1955-1958
Keywords:
Intensification, Cold War, Impact, Chinese-Indonesian Policy
Abstract
The roots of the Sino-Indonesia relations go back to more than a hundred years ago, before the beginning of the Indonesian independence, but they were mostly characterized by the non-interference of China in Indonesia's internal problems.
The international system after World War II developed greatly and turned into a bipolar system represented by both the United States of America and the Soviet Union, but at the same time other countries were trying to search for a role for themselves in the international system, and most of these countries were China as an influential force on the international arena. Since the declaration of independence in 1949, China has tried to activate its foreign policy with its regional surroundings, especially Indonesia, because of its distinguished position due to the importance of its geostrategic location for China. Therefore, Chinese policy towards Indonesia during the years (1955-1958) was characterized by great convergence, because it was subject to the policy of international and regional tensions.
Through these political actors, the importance of studying (Chinese-Indonesian diplomatic rapprochement 1955-1958) appears, as this study will reflect to us the nature of Chinese diplomatic behavior towards Indonesia, accompanied by the great international competition over Indonesia between the United States of America, the Soviet Union and China.
References
(1 ) Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (1894-1953): Soviet leader and political leader Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was born in 1918 in Georgia Yenkita, joined the Soviet Communist Party, became the first secretary of the Moscow Regional Council of the Party (1935-1938), in 1939 a key member of Politburo (1949-1953) and the Communist Party of Ukraine (1938-1947), took over the leadership of the Communist Party after the death of Stalin, then became prime minister in 1958 in addition to his post. He is the first to combine the presidency of both the party and the government. For more, see: Hindi Anis Mikhael, Khrushchev and the features of the political and economic system in the Soviet Union, The Egyptian Journal of Political Science, No. 46, Volume 12, Cairo, January, 1965, pp. 95-120; Mulvin Group, Fire and Ice, The Red Empire from Cradle to Grave, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Hussam for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut, 1922, pp. 79-83.
(2 ) Joseph Stalin (1879-1953): A Soviet military and political leader, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was born in the Georgian city of Gori on December 18, 1879. He studied at the Russian Orthodox Christian School, but did not complete his studies because the school expelled him for being absent. He was passionate about banned novels and books. Revolutionary, including Marxist, Stalin studied Marx's communist theories, which agreed with his tendencies for revolution and rebellion against the system of society. Marx and Lenin formulated his visions and directions, so he embraced the theories they put forward. At the beginning of his life, he worked as a writer at the Meteorological Center in Tbilisi. For more, see Muhammad Helmy and others, The Socialist Encyclopedia, Dar Al-Kutub Press, Beirut, ed., pg. 220.
)3( Peter Edman , Communism a al Aidit: The Indonesian Communist Party Under Dn Aidit 1950- 1965 , James Cook University of North Queensland , Australlia , 1989 , P.138. .
)4(. Richard P. Stebbins and Others,The United States in World Affairs 1954, New Guinea, Cuprous and Africa, New York, 1956, PP.298-305
(5) Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, The Possible Dream, Copyright by Howard Palfrey Jones, 1st ed, new York, 1971, P. 111-116; C.L.M. Penders, The West New Guinea Debacle: Dutch Decolonisation and Indonesia, 1945- 1962, Crawford House Publishing, Adelaide, 2002, P.30.
)6(. Roger M. Smith, South East Asia Documents of Political Develop Mend and Change, Cornell University,1974, p.17.
)7( Kenneth J. Conboy , Intel : Inside Indonesia Indonesia’s Intelligence Service , Equinox Publishing , Jakarta ,2004 , Pp. 41-42.
)8( Harold C. Hinton and others, Major Governments of Asia, Second Edition,Cornell University Press,New York, 1963,pp599-605.
)9( Ide Anak Agung Gde, Twenty Years Indonesia Foreign Policy (1945-1965), Part II, Mouton,The Hague, 1973, PP.248-255.
)10( Bambang S. Widjanarko , Sewindu Dekat Bung Karno , Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia , Jakarta , 2010 , P.153.
)1 ( Robert Cribb, Audrey Kahin, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, No.51, the Scarecrow press, Inc. Lonham, Marylan, Toronto,Oxford, 2004,pp.207-218.
)12 (George MCT. Kanin, Politics and International Relations of South East Asia, University of Malaya in Malaysia ,1977,pp42-48.
)13 ( M. C. Recklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia Since 1200, Third Edition, Great Britain, 2001, p. 316..
)14 ( Robert Cribb, op. cit.,p.225
)15 (J. R. E. Waddell, An Introduction to South East Asia Politics, Australsia, 1972, P.234; S. Takdir Alisjahbana, Indonesia; Social and Cultural Revolution, Singapore, 1966, P., P.189.
)16 (Leslie H.Palmer, Suharto’s Indonesia, Asian Affairs Journal of The Royal Central Asian Soian Society, Vol. 57, Part III,London, October 1970.P.74; Ailsa Zainuddin, M.A.,B.(ed), A short History of Indonesia, Australia, 1968, p. 225.
)17 (Jan M. Pluveir, Confrontations A Study in Indonesian politics,Oxford University press,Kuala Lumpure,1965,p.44
)18 (C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.43.
)19( Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Salah , The Coup Attempt of the September 30 Movement In Indonesia , Pembiming Masa Publishing , Jakarta ,1968 , P.112.
)20( C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.48.
)21 (Cited in: Antonie C. A. Dake , The Sukarno File... , Op .Cit. , P.31.
)22( W. F. Wertheim , Indonesia Before And After the Untung Coup , Pacific Affairs ,Vol.39 ,Nos.1/2 ,1966 , P. 116.
)23 (C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.50.
)24 (Peter Polomka , Indonesia Since Sukarno , Pengunin Publishing , Australia , 1971 , P.70.
)25( Howard Palfrey Jones, Op.Cit., P.121-128.
)26 (Kammen Douglas and Siddharth Chander , A Toury of Duty : Changing Patterns of Military Politics in Indonesia , Cornell Modern Indonesia , New York , 2007, Pp.75-76.
)27 (Kammen Douglas and Siddharth Chander , op. cit.,p79.
)28 (Arya Ajisaka , Mengenal Pahawan Indonesia : Penuntun Belajar , Kawan Pustaka , Kuala Lumpur ,2004 , Pp. 978-980.
)29( J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.248.
)30 (Seri Buku Tempo , Njoto :Peniup Saksfon di Tengah Prahara , Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia , Jakarta , 2010 , Pp.4-20.
)31 (J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.249.
)32 (C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.57.
)33 (Howard Palfrey Jones, Op.Cit., P.135-141.
)34 (C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.58.
)35 (Antonie C. A. Dake , In the Spirt of the Red Banteng : Indonesia Communists Between Moscow and Peking , Second Edition , Aksara Karunia Publishing , Jakarta , 2002 , P.387.
)36 (C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.62.
)37 (Ailsa Zainuddin, M , Op.Cit., p. 231.
)38Ibid,P. 233.
)39( Muven Jan , Indonesian Policy During the Period 1965-1967 , Routledge Publishing , New York ,1984 , P.113.
)40( J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.261.
)41( Ailsa Zainuddin, M , Op.Cit., p. 235.
)42 (Soerojo Soegiarso , Siap menabur Angin Akan Menua: G30 / PKI dan Pran Bung Karno , Anter Kata Penerbitan , Jakarta , 1989 , P.371.
)43 (Ailsa Zainuddin, M , Op.Cit., p. 239.
(44 ) John Foster Dulles: An American politician and diplomat who worked for many years as an adviser on foreign political affairs in the Republican Party. He was appointed US Secretary of State during the era of President Eisenhower, that is, in the period between (1953-1959), and he was famous for his strong hostility to communism and the non-aligned policy that was received Wide support in Asia, Africa and Latin America, especially among the Arab peoples. He played a major role in establishing military alliances. See: Kifah Juma and Jar, the previous source, p. 141.
)45( Njono Trial , di 1966 (Perkar Njono) in : D .O .M .M .L .B , K .P . I , by: P. P.K , P.23.
)46) J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.271.
)47( Foreign Minister Chen Yi’s meeting with the Indonesian ambassador on the regional rebellions and Indonesia’s request to purchase rice from us,” March 2, 1958, CFMA,1050036602;Howard Palfrey Jones, Op.Cit., P.151-153.
)48( Rudi Hartono , Sjam Kamaruzamn : Lelaki Misterius dalam Sjarah Indonesia , Kepustakaan Populer gramedia , Jakarta ,2011 , P.376.
)49( Antonie C. A. Dake , The Sukarno File. , Op .Cit. , P. 27.
)50( C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.71.
)51( Confirmation of Presidential Approval of Use of U. S. funds to furnish military Assistance on a grant basis to Indonesia,Department of State, 22 Aug, 1958, D.O.S.A, Documents. CK2349046494.
)52( Ailsa Zainuddin, M , Op.Cit., p. 253.
)53( J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.286; F.R.U.S, 1958-1960, Vol,XXII, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation Between Between Secretary of State Dulles and Director of Central Intelligence Dulles, Washington, April 23, 1958, p.121.
)54( Confirmation of Presidential Approval of Use of U. S. funds to furnish military Assistance on a grant basis to Indonesia,Department of State, 22 Aug, 1958, D.O.S.A, Documents. CK2349046494.
(2 ) Joseph Stalin (1879-1953): A Soviet military and political leader, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was born in the Georgian city of Gori on December 18, 1879. He studied at the Russian Orthodox Christian School, but did not complete his studies because the school expelled him for being absent. He was passionate about banned novels and books. Revolutionary, including Marxist, Stalin studied Marx's communist theories, which agreed with his tendencies for revolution and rebellion against the system of society. Marx and Lenin formulated his visions and directions, so he embraced the theories they put forward. At the beginning of his life, he worked as a writer at the Meteorological Center in Tbilisi. For more, see Muhammad Helmy and others, The Socialist Encyclopedia, Dar Al-Kutub Press, Beirut, ed., pg. 220.
)3( Peter Edman , Communism a al Aidit: The Indonesian Communist Party Under Dn Aidit 1950- 1965 , James Cook University of North Queensland , Australlia , 1989 , P.138. .
)4(. Richard P. Stebbins and Others,The United States in World Affairs 1954, New Guinea, Cuprous and Africa, New York, 1956, PP.298-305
(5) Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, The Possible Dream, Copyright by Howard Palfrey Jones, 1st ed, new York, 1971, P. 111-116; C.L.M. Penders, The West New Guinea Debacle: Dutch Decolonisation and Indonesia, 1945- 1962, Crawford House Publishing, Adelaide, 2002, P.30.
)6(. Roger M. Smith, South East Asia Documents of Political Develop Mend and Change, Cornell University,1974, p.17.
)7( Kenneth J. Conboy , Intel : Inside Indonesia Indonesia’s Intelligence Service , Equinox Publishing , Jakarta ,2004 , Pp. 41-42.
)8( Harold C. Hinton and others, Major Governments of Asia, Second Edition,Cornell University Press,New York, 1963,pp599-605.
)9( Ide Anak Agung Gde, Twenty Years Indonesia Foreign Policy (1945-1965), Part II, Mouton,The Hague, 1973, PP.248-255.
)10( Bambang S. Widjanarko , Sewindu Dekat Bung Karno , Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia , Jakarta , 2010 , P.153.
)1 ( Robert Cribb, Audrey Kahin, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, No.51, the Scarecrow press, Inc. Lonham, Marylan, Toronto,Oxford, 2004,pp.207-218.
)12 (George MCT. Kanin, Politics and International Relations of South East Asia, University of Malaya in Malaysia ,1977,pp42-48.
)13 ( M. C. Recklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia Since 1200, Third Edition, Great Britain, 2001, p. 316..
)14 ( Robert Cribb, op. cit.,p.225
)15 (J. R. E. Waddell, An Introduction to South East Asia Politics, Australsia, 1972, P.234; S. Takdir Alisjahbana, Indonesia; Social and Cultural Revolution, Singapore, 1966, P., P.189.
)16 (Leslie H.Palmer, Suharto’s Indonesia, Asian Affairs Journal of The Royal Central Asian Soian Society, Vol. 57, Part III,London, October 1970.P.74; Ailsa Zainuddin, M.A.,B.(ed), A short History of Indonesia, Australia, 1968, p. 225.
)17 (Jan M. Pluveir, Confrontations A Study in Indonesian politics,Oxford University press,Kuala Lumpure,1965,p.44
)18 (C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.43.
)19( Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Salah , The Coup Attempt of the September 30 Movement In Indonesia , Pembiming Masa Publishing , Jakarta ,1968 , P.112.
)20( C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.48.
)21 (Cited in: Antonie C. A. Dake , The Sukarno File... , Op .Cit. , P.31.
)22( W. F. Wertheim , Indonesia Before And After the Untung Coup , Pacific Affairs ,Vol.39 ,Nos.1/2 ,1966 , P. 116.
)23 (C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.50.
)24 (Peter Polomka , Indonesia Since Sukarno , Pengunin Publishing , Australia , 1971 , P.70.
)25( Howard Palfrey Jones, Op.Cit., P.121-128.
)26 (Kammen Douglas and Siddharth Chander , A Toury of Duty : Changing Patterns of Military Politics in Indonesia , Cornell Modern Indonesia , New York , 2007, Pp.75-76.
)27 (Kammen Douglas and Siddharth Chander , op. cit.,p79.
)28 (Arya Ajisaka , Mengenal Pahawan Indonesia : Penuntun Belajar , Kawan Pustaka , Kuala Lumpur ,2004 , Pp. 978-980.
)29( J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.248.
)30 (Seri Buku Tempo , Njoto :Peniup Saksfon di Tengah Prahara , Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia , Jakarta , 2010 , Pp.4-20.
)31 (J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.249.
)32 (C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.57.
)33 (Howard Palfrey Jones, Op.Cit., P.135-141.
)34 (C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.58.
)35 (Antonie C. A. Dake , In the Spirt of the Red Banteng : Indonesia Communists Between Moscow and Peking , Second Edition , Aksara Karunia Publishing , Jakarta , 2002 , P.387.
)36 (C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.62.
)37 (Ailsa Zainuddin, M , Op.Cit., p. 231.
)38Ibid,P. 233.
)39( Muven Jan , Indonesian Policy During the Period 1965-1967 , Routledge Publishing , New York ,1984 , P.113.
)40( J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.261.
)41( Ailsa Zainuddin, M , Op.Cit., p. 235.
)42 (Soerojo Soegiarso , Siap menabur Angin Akan Menua: G30 / PKI dan Pran Bung Karno , Anter Kata Penerbitan , Jakarta , 1989 , P.371.
)43 (Ailsa Zainuddin, M , Op.Cit., p. 239.
(44 ) John Foster Dulles: An American politician and diplomat who worked for many years as an adviser on foreign political affairs in the Republican Party. He was appointed US Secretary of State during the era of President Eisenhower, that is, in the period between (1953-1959), and he was famous for his strong hostility to communism and the non-aligned policy that was received Wide support in Asia, Africa and Latin America, especially among the Arab peoples. He played a major role in establishing military alliances. See: Kifah Juma and Jar, the previous source, p. 141.
)45( Njono Trial , di 1966 (Perkar Njono) in : D .O .M .M .L .B , K .P . I , by: P. P.K , P.23.
)46) J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.271.
)47( Foreign Minister Chen Yi’s meeting with the Indonesian ambassador on the regional rebellions and Indonesia’s request to purchase rice from us,” March 2, 1958, CFMA,1050036602;Howard Palfrey Jones, Op.Cit., P.151-153.
)48( Rudi Hartono , Sjam Kamaruzamn : Lelaki Misterius dalam Sjarah Indonesia , Kepustakaan Populer gramedia , Jakarta ,2011 , P.376.
)49( Antonie C. A. Dake , The Sukarno File. , Op .Cit. , P. 27.
)50( C.L.M. Penders, Op.Cit., p.71.
)51( Confirmation of Presidential Approval of Use of U. S. funds to furnish military Assistance on a grant basis to Indonesia,Department of State, 22 Aug, 1958, D.O.S.A, Documents. CK2349046494.
)52( Ailsa Zainuddin, M , Op.Cit., p. 253.
)53( J. R. E. Waddell, Op.Cit., P.286; F.R.U.S, 1958-1960, Vol,XXII, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation Between Between Secretary of State Dulles and Director of Central Intelligence Dulles, Washington, April 23, 1958, p.121.
)54( Confirmation of Presidential Approval of Use of U. S. funds to furnish military Assistance on a grant basis to Indonesia,Department of State, 22 Aug, 1958, D.O.S.A, Documents. CK2349046494.
Published
2023-05-23
How to Cite
Prof. Dr. Majid Mohi Al-Ghazai Al-Fatlawi, & Assis.t teacher Muhammad Mohsen Budaiwi. (2023). The Intensification of the Cold War and Its Impact on the Chinese-Indonesian Policy 1955-1958. Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy and Culture, 4(5), 139-150. Retrieved from https://cajlpc.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJLPC/article/view/844
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